Bibliography

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Bibliography

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Online research for Dissertation 

https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/sustainable-fashion-blog/2014/oct/08/fashion-designers-sustainability-london-fashion-week,(accessed Aug 2018)

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https://news.sky.com/feature/sky-ocean-rescue-a-plastic-whale-109171874(accessed Aug 2018)

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(https://www.pinterest.com/originalsample.accessed Aug 2019)

(http..//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestheticism#Aesthetic_Movement_decorative_arts.)(accessed Aug

2018) .

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ecology.accessed Sept 2018)

.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/evolutionaryecology accessed Sept.2018)

^{(https://thetechnews.com/2017/07/26/global-warming-scenarios//.accessed 25/08/2019.11.28am)}

(GreenPeace.org.uk accessed July.2018).

(https://libquotes.com/theodore-roszak/works/the-voice-of-the-earth.accessed Aug.2019)

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(https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmenvaud/2311/231102.htm)

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(http://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/accessed 14.08.19.6.00pm)

(psychologytoday.com: more than just a teddy bear by Colleen Goddard.accessed July 2019) 


"( http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/globalassets/documents/raise/publications/2011/environment/3611.pdf.accessed July.2019)

(www.greenpeace.org/internation/protectouroceans.accessed Aug.2019)

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.library.lincoln.ac.uk/doi/10.1002/ad.2268/abstract-byline.accessed July 2019)

(https://www.healthyfoodhouse.com/brewery-unveils-6-pack-rings-that-feed-sea-turtles-instead-of-killing-them/.accessed.Aug.2019)

https://www.facebook.com/events/2325984940975937/?ti=icl.accessed.Aug.2019)

http://www.plasticcrisisalliance.org/.accessed.Aug2019) 

(Neil Maycroft(2018)University Lincoln handout sheet course MA D (psychologytoday.com: more than just a teddy bear by Colleen Goddard.accessed July 2019)esign)

(https://returntonow.net/2019/07/29/trader-joes-cuts-produce-prices-by-25-by-doing-away-with-plastic-packaging/.accessed.Aug.2019

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Ecology Evolution  Author :Victoria Meadows printed September 2019

)

Appendix XVIII: David Attenborough in Parliament House

                                                                                                        26

Appendix XVIII: Meeting Houses of Parliament

David Attenborough in Parliament House :YouTube :The Guardian 

Appendix XVII: Future and emerging design innovations.

                                                                                                      25
Appendix XVII: Future emerging design innovations 



Future and emerging trends to combat single use plastics that pollute the planet which in turn affects climate change by reducing oxygen creating and carbon monoxide sequencing through natures natural effects.

(https://www.healthyfoodhouse.com/brewery-unveils-6-pack-rings-that-feed-sea-turtles-instead-of-killing-them/.accessed.Aug.2019)


Action through the next generation of actevites proving the new generation will and do continue to turn action into new legislation to ban polluting plastics.(https://returntonow.net/.accessed Aug.2019)

(https://www.facebook.com/events/2325984940975937/?ti=icl.accessed.Aug.2019)
New emerging design courses to help designers effectively change the damaging effects of none bio degradable product design.

(http://www.plasticcrisisalliance.org/.accessed.Aug2019)
Similar to Ecology Evolution tote bag slogan ’quit plastics’ this sort of advertisement could help reduce harmful single use plastic to combat Marine Plastic Pollution.

Californian veg shop clears shelves of single use plastic (victoria.meadows2/facebook.com.archives.accessed Aug 2019)

(https://returntonow.net/2019/07/29/trader-joes-cuts-produce-prices-by-25-by-doing-away-with-plastic-packaging/.accessed.Aug.2019)

Appendix XVI:Correspondence through organisations/questionaire

                                                                                                        24
Appendix XVI: Correspondence through organisations /questionnaires 

Appendix XV: Future for Green Design

                                                                                                        23

Appendix XV:The Future for Green Design

Country Living magazine Sept 2019

Country Living Sept 2019

Sketch book research from Country Living Magazine 2018

Sketch book research pages

Appendix XIIII: What motivates consumers to make ethically conscious decisions?

Appendix XIV:                                                                              22

What motivates consumers to make ethically conscious decisions?

A breakdown of how UK adults and Guardian readers approach sustainability

Jo Confino and Ozoda Muminova for the Guardian Professional Network

Fri 12 Aug 2011 14.08 BST First published on Fri 12 Aug 2011 14.08 BST

People shopping on Regent Street, in central London. Photograph: Dominic Lipinski/PA

There is a hunger for information from companies that are seeking to understand how to build their businesses on the back of being more sustainable.

Major brands in particular say they are keen to build trust in their products by becoming more environmentally and ethically conscious but are prepared only to invest if they can see it will add to the bottom line.

But while there is an enormous body of knowledge on how to encourage customers to consume more, there remains far less understanding about what motivates them to make more ethical choices, especially during what is likely to be a prolonged period of economic austerity.

This is why new ethical living research conducted in the UK by YouGov, and replicated by Guardian News & Media (GNM) among its own panel of readers, makes interesting reading.

Advertisement

One source of optimism comes from confirmation that the economic downturn has not dented people's desire to minimise their impact on the environment and their spend on ethical products.

What is also clear is that behaviour change is possible, with basic environmentally friendly actions, such as switching off unused lights, recycling and washing at 40 degrees or lower now deeply ingrained. For example, virtually all those over 16 years old undertake at least one environmental or ethical action regularly.

The purchase of ethical products with high awareness and broad appeal, like fair trade and locally produced goods, is also on the rise.

But the very scale of the issues that are being faced, especially around climate change, makes many individuals feel powerless and therefore reduces their belief that their own behaviour can make a meaningful difference.

Only 47% of UK adults believe that individual efforts to limit their own impact on climate change are worthwhile, although this rises to 70% of readers and users of the Guardian and Observer, who tend to be more eco-conscious.

The research further shows that 40% of UK adults think that pollution from other countries makes our efforts irrelevant, falling to 17% among the GNM audience.

The study mirrors other recent research that shows that consumers are not prepared to pay a premium for more ethical goods and services.

More than that, more complex or expensive purchases such as solar panels, electric vehicles, travelling by train abroad and ethical loans remain beyond the means or desires of the majority.

Given these limitations, how can companies generate demand and communicate their ethical messages more effectively?

One issue is paramount. Quality remains the main influencer of choice regardless of whether a product or service is ethical. Also key is the availability of ethical choices, with 69% of UK adults (93% of GNM's audience) keen to buy ethical clothing if it was more widely stocked.

What the research shows clearly is that while there are a few areas where there are similarities in ethical behaviour among a broad range of consumers, in the majority of cases there is no silver bullet; companies need to take a nuanced and tailored approach.

First the common ground. Waste has become an issue that even skeptics can embrace. There is also increased demand for more transparency and accountability from companies. For example, 86% of the GNM audience like buying products from companies that give something back to society and 84% think that companies should be penalised for failing to care for the environment.

But beyond these limited areas, there is a great deal of difference in consumers' approach to sustainability.

In an attempt to make some sense of this, the GNM survey of 1,000 readers and online users segments the respondents into four categories:

Committed 41% of GNM audience:

• Strong sense of personal responsibility in dealing with climate change

• Do everything they can to live ethically

• Have a strong sense of urgency

• Highly aware and understand environmental and ethical concepts

• Influence others

Followers 23% of GNM audience:

• Feel a growing pressure to change the way they live

• Believe in individual efforts in dealing with climate change, but think there may also be a bigger solution

• Undertake many ethical actions, but can be inspired to do even more

Confused 23% of GNM audience:

• They do what is asked of them, but feel they don't fully understand ethical concepts

• Not totally sure how much difference individual efforts make and tend to believe that scientists will find a solution to tackle climate change

• Feel responsibility lies primarily with the government and businesses

Questioners 13% of GNM audience

• Believe that individual efforts in dealing with climate change are irrelevant because of major pollution from other countries and businesses not doing enough

• Undertake ethical actions that benefit them and their immediate community

How can this breakdown of the data help companies? For a car manufacturer seeking to promote greener vehicles, for example, concerns over the environment will be the primary reason for the Committed and Followers, while of most significant interest to the Confused and Questioners will be fuel savings.

For a retailer, food provenance is important for the Committed primarily for environmental reasons, while Questioners are more concerned about supporting British farmers.

The YouGov and GNM surveys suggest that ethical behaviour will grow, as people are willing to look for more information on ethical living and seek more sustainable alternatives. The most effective way brands can support this movement is by providing availability, visibility, affordability, quality and clear communication around ethical products and services.

If you would like more information on the YouGov and Guardian research then please contact ozoda.muminova@guardian.co.uk

(https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/motivates-consumers-environmental-ethical-decisions.accessed 22/08/2019)

Appendix XIII: Visual Research Through Pinterest

                                                                                                                                                           21
Appendix : Visual Research through Pinterest
(https://www.pinterest.com/originalsampe.accessed Aug2019)

Sketch Book Research

Sketch Book Moodboard

Mind map from sketch book

Mind map from sketch book

Sketch book with fabric choices 

Appendix XII Anthropcene The Human Epoch

                                                                                                        20

Appendix XII: Anthropocene:The Human Epoch

The Anthropecene;Making sense of the climate change 

“A good short definition of the Anthropocene is the epoch where human component of the earth system is large enough to affect how it functions. When the scale of human impact is that large, the corresponding solutions to major human problems will often end up being large and so may have unintended consequences for the Earth system and for us. This is a key draw back of using geoengineering techniques such as reflecting some of the Sun’s energy back to space as a way of solving our emission problem. But even under the hopeful scenario of meeting the Paris Agreement goals, the planet would be further transformed to the detriment of some of the world’s most diverse habitats. The main stream positive and progressive storyline of solving climate change substitutes one disaster for another. The delay-climate-action-and-make-nature-pay-later story is not a wise one to tell ourselves. In essence it is still the old religious idea of human dominating nature rendered in mathematical equations. Much less destructive pathways are possible to limit global warming, but within the norms of the current consumer capitalist mode of living they are too easily discarded as “unrealistic”, so the public and the policy makers never even ever hear them. These difficulties suggest that for a global network of interconnected cultures to thrive in the Anthropocene a suite of much more radical interventions may be required.(P399, The human Planet.How we created the Anthropocene. Lewis.S.L,Maslim.MA.Penguin.2018)

Appendix XI Sabastian Copland.

                                                                                                      19
   Appendix XI :   Environmental list and photographer

   Sebastian Copland

               

" Sebastian Copland is a photographer and environmental advocate using messages of urgent global significance for the world to revue and understand. His book Antarctica which he produced with Sir Richard Branson won him a Professional Photographer of the year award in 2007. Sebastian has been an international speaker of climate change crisis for many years. He has been warning of systemic transformations taking place in the polar regions from anthropogenic activities and their geographical consequences.He is also an explorer and has been listed in the worlds top 50 explorers globally. Copland has led expeditions across the Artic sea, Greenland and Antarctica and has reached both poles on foot. He has also produced documentary films including the North Pole and Greenland.

Human induced climate change is being researched by numerous scientists across the globe recognising the volume of the shrinking ice cap and “feedback effect” of melting ice caused by warming trends

The indigenous populations of the polar regions have been effected by climate change, their way of life and culture is under threat in the same way in which animals are being effected by the reduction of ice in the region. 

“For the Artic’s population 4,000 years of adaptive evolution have proven no match for the carbon economy’s global impact. The Artic was an ecosystem which worked in harmony, relying on a balance of behaviour, hunting cycles and seasonal migration. The poster child for climate change in the Artic may well be the polar bear and for good reason: the spreading retreat of the sea ice is challenging this magnificent preditors survival skills faster than it can adapt, endangering species the enevitable conclusion.

The Artic is one of the more hostile environments on Earth and it is also one of the more fragile.

While the loss of culture and biodiversity may seem like a sentimental tale and the price of doing business -it is really a cautionary one as the Artic foretells changes for lower latitudes. The polar regions act like an air conditioner for the world. Warmer temperatures and the melting in the Artic is already creating a feedback loop across our planet, with increased heat waves, droughts, and fires. Meanwhile, the melting of land ice and resulting sea-level rise is having consequences across the globe. On Nedar island, my Caribbean home, shifts in Ph balance of the ocean and rising sea levels add to the existing environmental stressors in marine environment. Climate change is affecting all areas and all people”. (Sir Richard Branson)

"Sustainability is about redefining the business landscape so that it works for the future. Since the start of the industrial age, growth has come at the expense of nature. But building wealth comes from learning how to work with nature and celebrate it. On the balance sheet, that means recognizing the well being of people and the planet in equal parts: one should not exist without the other. Our responsibility today is to acknowledge the warning signs and fundamentally redefined our attitudes towards nature and our actions, before they are redefined for .(Sir Richard Branson)

                                                       Ocean Theme

The oceans contain a huge variety of life recent estimations conclude their are up to 2 million species found in and around coral reefs, the sea produces around half of all oxygen we breath( thanks to phytoplankton, tiny single cell ocean plants). The ocean also sequences large amounts of dangerous carbon dioxide. The ocean regulates our climate, cool waters soak up heat from the sun, they are a big part of our life support system. It is estimated that that 8 million tonnes of plastic waste is dumped in our oceans and it is set to double by 2025

Appendix X Carbon footprint survey on different types of carrier bags.

                                                                                                        18

              Appendix X:Carbon Footprint Survey

Appendix IX : Green Issues:History of Conservation and Marine plastic pollution.

                                                                              17   
      :Green Issues in Design

                       Appendix IX 

"marine plastic pollution as an emerging Anthropocene risk.

Human activities are capable of changing the normal functioning of Earth-system processes in ways that amplify risks to societies worldwide. One of the most conspicuous anthropogenic activities is the manufacturer, use and disposal of plastic. This synthetic material is so widespread throughout the environment that plastic is now considered as a geographical maker of the Anthropocene, the emerging epoch in which humans activities have a decisive influence on the state, dynamics and future of the Earth system. Most plastics took of rapidly since the 1950's, shaping the development of modern society. Global production of plastic resin increased from 1.5 million tons in 1950's, to 322 million tons in 2015.Estimates are during 2010, between 4.8 and 12.7 million tons of mismanaged land based plastic waste entered the oceans. The absolute amount is difficult to calculate, due to the many different sources and environmental transport pathways, but marine plastic pollution(MPP) is now ubiquitous in marine environment."(journal: marine Policywww.elsvier.com/locate/marpol ). " From a stratigraphic perspective, there is a clear Anthropocene threshold between pre-plastic and post plastic systems, but for a chemical pollutant to pose a planetary boundary threat,it's environmental exposure and /or its disruptive effects must be poorly reversible. Marine plastic pollution will always fulfil this condition, as the ultimate end-fate of most mismanaged plastics is the ocean. The ubiquity of plastic debris and the feasibility of its substantial removal from the marine environment, especially in the case of micro- sized particles , mean that exposure is essentially irreversible. Recent estimates suggest the presence of a least 5 trillion plastic pieces floating in the oceans. Plastic material has been observed in most domains of the physical environment, including biosphere, cryosphere's, ocean sediments and even the atmosphere, to the extent that lately been considered a stratigraphic marker of Anthropocene. MPP is accumulating around the convergence zones in the five subtropical ocean gyres and the Artic Ocean. These large-scale accumulation zones are a consequence of the effects of winds, oceans surface currents and the thermohaline circulation. Furthermore, concentrations comparable to those in the subtropical gyres have been recorded close to highly populated areas such as the Mediterranean Sea, bay of Bengal, South China Sea and gulf of Mexico. Organisms ingesting and later egesting MPP also play a role in the global distribution of plastic particles. The biological pathway cannot be halted or reversed. The weathering of macroplastics is a major source of the microsized plastic particles currently present in the marine environment.The main mechanisms for this are degradation by mechanical wave action,UV photodegradation, and changing genetic diversity. These properties cannot be inactivated. 

Recent studies also highlight the importance of land-based breakdown of textile fibres as a source of microplastic. Thus , even if inputs of microplastic debris in the marine environment will inevitably continue to increase with an associated outlook of shifting exposure and complex effects on different ecosystems. A major uncertainty relates to the disruption of systemic connections between the physical and the living components of the Earths system. Here carbon sequestration illustrates the issues because the global carbon cycle is one of the biophysical foundations of the earth system. It links ocean processes with the atmosphere, biosphere, and terrestrial environment and plays a vital role in balancing the climate system. Mechanisms can be envisaged where MPP affects the ability of the oceans to sequester carbon  into the major global reservoirs of deep water bodies and ocean sediments,biological and physiciochemical means.

The consequences on the carbon cycle would only be detectable on a global scale, and after a considerable time lag. A biologically-mediated disruption to the long-term storage of carbon could occur if biological processes at the base of the ecosystem functions are altered because of the presence of plastic. MPP could alter marine populations through booms or collapses, including the extinction of keystone  species. MPP may also have the capacity to cause a biophysically-mediated disruption. The flux faecal pellets is an important component of the biological pump of carbon(including anthropogenic atmospheric carbon) to ocean sediments. Microparticles of polystyrene alter the properties and sinking rates of faecal pellets egested by marine zooplankton. Particulate material could thus interfere with the flow of carbon nutrients in the water column, affecting  the regulation of global  biogeochemical flows in turn affecting  the future trophic chains. The physical burial  of plastic materials may also  represent a shift in long term carbon storage, since it does not share the element ratio of living material. Recent estimates for the marine plastic debris range from between 86 and 150 million tons of plastic. A large fraction of the plastic known to of entered the surface ocean is not currently accounted for. It is ultimate fate is to be deposited(directly or through the biota) onshore or on the sea floor."

"MPP is a globally sustainability challenge, a clear example of the tragedy of commons, difficult to manage and govern globally. Plastic waste is being addressed by multinational frameworks."  (journal homepage:www.elsevier.com).

Eco Evo:Green Issues

Images of MA Show and MA Journal.

By Victoria Meadows

MA Design : Dissertation 

                                              History of Conservation of Nature

The beginning of conservation and respect for nature can be seen through history starting from early history of mankind when nature’s wildlife and seasons were incorporated into early religions i.e Sun gods, sacrifices to improve weather changes and harvests. Customs and ancient ceremonies to pay homage to the earth’s natural surroundings can be seen through different cultures around the world.

Specific laws were created in medieval times to protect woodland for the pleasure of nobility and royals. After the Norman conquest large areas of land were annexed using forest laws.

Some of the first conservation areas of the early medieval period were granted mainly so that landowners and royalty could hunt freely. Knowing there would not be any depletion of game in their private woods by making it illegal to poach on the kings lands

Forest laws were extended in the 18^th century called the black law, hanging people for encroaching on to Royal hunting grounds. These laws extended to overseas colonies of which the remnants are used to create conservation areas today. Re wilding is a relatively old theory which is being used today to create new Natural areas of land to help reach  drawdown to prevent global warming

Conservation needs of today go far more than previously has ever seen. Individuals can become a movement of people activism, campaigning and demanding change through group discussions and using the world web. I have challenged this theory through my blog "NaturesArmour,blogspot.com and through my dissemination I added my blog to social media, it is also currently life on line. I have received enough feedback to increase my page reviews by adding to community blogsites to increase awareness of climate change, lifestyle choices and green design strategies within design.

                                 Environmental Impact of Humans

Historically humans have been having an impact on our environment since evolution evolved our planet and homo Sapiens became the super power race against most predators. When as hunters and gathers humans started to farm and domesticate animals we can see climate change being effected by mankind’s lifestyle. 

During the late 19^th century within Industrial Revolution a number of Artists and critics voiced their concerns. In regard to pollution. (“If only the geologists would let me alone, I could do very well, but those dreadful Hammer’s! I hear the dink of them at the end of every cadence of the Bible verses”.(John Ruskin, letter to Henry Acland 1851).

 As the textile designer, poet and social activist William Morris explains the need that "Nature and History Morris asserted were, or at least ought to be, the two great teachers of mankind. This statement shows in part Morris's environmentist values and is connected to the pre-Raphaelite art movement that includes the aesthetic movement. His hatred for the industrial revolution is well documented. When researching textile history we can see great changes during the industrial revolution created by Britain's technical innovations resulting in social change.

                                          

                                     Textile Technologies/Handmade

 Within the twentieth and twenty-first century we are seeing new transformations of design, manufacture and consumer interaction. As it is explained in The Handbook of Textile Culture "In  a post-industrial culture the artisanal, material cultures once marginalized as lacking the authority of symbolic meaning, or the capacity for abstract thinking, are becoming reconsidered as a source of knowledge. Integrating the techne-technique and technologies of manufacturer by hand and machine". A new collaboration of the old and the new, techniques, philosophies and theories of knowledge. 

                                  

                           Design Choices and Lifestyle Issues

“The Romantic movement which included aestheticism were protesting over the destruction of idyllic rural life for a world of dark Satanic Mills written in William Blake’s 1804 poem.” (Lewis and Maslin.2018.206). One of the earliest environmental needs based action campaigns was created by the artist/poet Sir William Blake. He started an organization called the coal smoke abatement society which was founded in Richmond in 1898 which resulted in the smoke abatement Act including soot, ash and gritty particles.

Another well known campaign that ended in a riot was in Nottinghamshire when “artisanal textile workers broke machines to defend their wages against further declines. Known as the Luddites they began in Arnold, Nottingham, on 11^th March 1811, with over two thousand people marching and then smashing sixty-eight spinning frames”.(Lewis and Maslin,2018.206). 

Scientific revolution sprung into the new industrial world. An example of this is when in 1824 Joseph Aspdin patented a chemical process known as Portland cement which has since revolutionized building techniques. Electricity, the invention of the light bulb and the use of fossil fuels have contributed to today’s global warming.

A lot of new knowledge came out of the 19^th century including Darwin’s theory of evolution which set religious philosophy against scientists in fact Darwin did not publish his papers due to concerns via ridicule from religious leaders.

"In their seminal work, Cloth and Human Experience, Weiner and Schneider(1991) remark that 'complex' moral and sexuality, find ready expression through cloth. Indeed they argue, 'cloth has further organizational of social and political life', evoking ideas of tying or bringing together many different kinds of publics whether through the banners of the Suffragettes and Trade Unions or the wrapping of the fences at Greenham Common, or the laying down of Aids quilt or through addressing issues and relations that are not pre-given through kinship but are produced in gatherings and cooperations." (Jefferies.J.Wood Conroy.D.Clark.H(2018)The hand book of textile Culture.Bloomsbury.)

              

                             Carbon Dioxide Spike

 Scientists are working across the globe

 researching how environmental strategies across the globe are being carried out in order to keep current and develop new emerging  techniques to reverse global warming. 

http://climate.nasa.gov/evidence(14.08.2019 3.00pm)this graph is based on the comparison of atmospheric samples contained in ice cores and more recent direct measurements, provides evidence that atmospheric C02, has increased since the industrial revolution.

   Ocean Theme

Oceans and sea creatures have been depicted within art and design since ancient Greeks and Romans and other ancient cultures, tribes and religions. I have chosen to use oceans, wildlife, natural flora, nautical imagery as my focus in order to improve knowledge of conservation and marine ecology of our oceans. The oceans contain a huge variety of life recent estimations conclude their are up to 2 million species found in and around coral reefs, the sea produces around half of all oxygen we breath( thanks to phytoplankton, tiny single cell ocean plants). The ocean also sequences large amounts of dangerous carbon dioxide. The ocean regulates our climate, cool waters soak up heat from the sun, they are a big part of our life support system. It is estimated that that 8 million tonnes of plastic waste is dumped in our oceans and it is set to double by 2025

Environmentalists

Ocean biologist Jacque Cousteau (1910-1997) was an inspiration when I was growing up and also for many people interested in ocean environmental and conservation issues.

Recently Jaques Cousteau’s grandson has been part of a series of documentaries highlighting environmental and conservation issues of our planets oceans. He specializes in oceanography which is looking into scientific aspects of our oceans to better understand what is happening due to pollution and global warming issues.

His grandson has recently also highlighted concerns in regard to melting ice gaps in Antarctica and has explained present forecasts are not accurate.

This graph by Nasa on line shows up to date figures going back to 1979.

                  

                                                                A clip from CNN News on Jacque Cousteau